Since the Belt and Road initiative was proposed China_'s direct investment in its bordering countries especially Southeast Asian countries has increased rapidly. However in recent years the labor disputes faced by Chinese enterprises in the process of labor employment in Southeast Asian countries are increasing which not only affects the production and operation of enterprises but also is not conducive to establishing a good investment image. From the perspective of labor market labor laws and regulations labor standards and cultural customs in Southeast Asian countries this paper explores the sources of labor risks affecting the construction of harmonious labor relations and analyzes the main labor risks faced by Chinese enterprises in investing in Southeast Asian countries. According to the source and nature of all kinds of risks it puts forward measures to prevent and control labor risks from the preparation stage before investment and the operation and management stage after investment at both the enterprise and government levels.